32
This is not to say that flight that is to some degree “provoked,” i.e., generated
by something more than the passive presence of the police, has no value in the
reasonable, articulable suspicion calculus. The point is that the provocation must be
acknowledged and factored into the totality of the circumstances analysis to ensure
both that a defendant’s behavior is being reasonably assessed as evidence of
consciousness of guilt, and that the police are not incentivized to generate
reasonable, articulable suspicion where there is none.
20
We examine Mr. Mayo’s
flight accordingly.
suspicion depends on context,” post at 70, our dissenting colleague argues that
Wilson compels a similar assessment of Mr. Mayo’s flight. Post at 63. But he both
disregards the obvious factual differences between that case and this one. And he
oversells Wilson as definitively interpreting Wardlow as imposing a formalistic,
flight-plus-high-crime-area test for reasonable, articulable suspicion—check both
boxes and the Terry stop is legit. Our decision in this case is consistent with
precedent, both from this court and the Supreme Court, reaffirming post-Wardlow
“the fact intensive and context-dependent nature of the reasonable suspicion
analysis.” Miles, 181 A.3d at 641 (citing Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. 393
(2014); Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141, 158 (2013); United States v. Arvizu, 534
U.S. 266, 277 (2002)); see also In re D.A.D., 763 A.2d 1152, 1155–56 (D.C. 2000)
(examining flight and location of where police were responding to reports of
shooting, in conjunction with other facts, in assessing reasonable, articulable
suspicion under a totality of the circumstances analysis post-Wardlow, pre-Wilson).
20
While Henson concluded that the act of grabbing a person without
reasonable, articulable suspicion did not amount to provocation by the police, its
reasoning stemmed from the mistaken premise that grabbing a person is not a seizure
if they manage to get away. Torres has now negated that premise, so that Henson’s
subsequent pronouncement as to what counts as provocation has no residual force.
Taken on its terms, Henson suggested that only excessive force by the police may
be considered in an analysis of whether flight is provoked. 55 A.3d 868–70. But