426
Faith and Philosophy
a dog they dearly loved. Toward the end of the film, the members of the
family, as well as their dog, died. The final scene pictured the family re
uniting upon entering heaven, and being overjoyed on hearing the familiar
sound of their beloved dog, barking and wagging his tail as he rushed to
meet them. Such stories, of course, have little, if anything, to do with the
issue at hand, except to remind us that human beings are capable of form
ing attachments to non-human animals that are both profound and deep.
I am one of those human beings. Over the years I have loved five different
dogs, and mourned the death of four of them—the fifth is still alive and my
constant companion. Undoubtedly, the God of traditional theism, if he ex
ists, is aware that his human creatures form strong, lasting attachments not
only to other humans, but to some of van Inwagen's beasts as well, attach
ments that for dogs, as well as humans, are often both deep and lasting.
In his discussion of the evidential argument from evil, van Inwagen
says that the amount of evil in the world is not the central difficulty. I think
he is right about this point. If each particular evil were in itself bad, but not
too bad, then even should the total amount of evil in the world be enor
mous, we would not be faced by the central issue raised by the evidential
argument from evil. For it is horrendous evils that are the focus of the
evidential argument from evil. Many such evils appear to be unnecessary
for any outweighing good and would be easily preventable by an omnipo
tent, omniscient being, provided such a being both exists and cares about
the welfare of the sentient beings he has brought into existence. As van
Inwagen notes:
There are many horrors, vastly many, from which no discernible
good results—and certainly no good, discernible or not, that an om
nipotent being couldn't have achieved without the horror; in fact
without any suffering at all.2
He provides an example of such a horror—a young woman whose arms
were chopped off at the elbows by a man with an ax, is raped, and left to
die. Although she undergoes enormous suffering, she survives and must
live the rest of her life "without arms and with the memory of what she
had been forced to endure."3 How does van Inwagen respond to such ex
amples of evil, examples that leave one wondering why an omnipotent,
omniscient, perfectly good being would permit them to occur in such
abundance? He first sets forth an argument for the non-existence of God
based on this particular horrendous evil, an argument he describes as
"modeled" on the central argument of my essay, "The Problem of Evil
and Some Varieties of Atheism." Referring to events in the example as 'the
Mutilation,' van Inwagen's argument proceeds as follows:
(1) If the Mutilation had not occurred, if it had been, so to speak,
simply left out of the world, the world would be no worse than it
is. (It would seem, in fact, that the world would be significantly
better if the Mutilation had been left out of it, but my argument
does not require that premise.)
(2) The Mutilation in fact occurred (and was a horror).