shape of the original Minthorn farm and the boundaries created when it was subdivided.
The Germania Fire Insurance Company never purchased the parcel at 357 Bowery from Doughty,
but constructed and occupied its new Bowery branch while it leased the property from him.
39
On June 27,
1870, architect Carl Pfeiffer filed a new building application for the Germania Building, which was to be
four stories high with a 16-foot-deep shed-roofed rear extension, and about eight inches wider at its rear
than its front to accommodate the irregular dimensions of its lot. Marc Eidlitz, a successful and prolific
builder who was born in Austria and had “strong ties to the German immigrant community,” completed
the building in three months.
40
Germania’s application stated that the building was to be an office
structure, but in all likelihood, the company intended it to be a tenement that contained Germania’s office;
misrepresenting the building’s function would have enabled the company to skirt the city’s tenement
laws, which required fire escapes—the Germania Building was constructed without them—and other
provisions for multiple dwellings.
41
Indeed, the 1870 U.S. Census, taken less than three months after the
building’s completion, found nine tenants there, including a butcher, William Bennett; a whip-maker,
Fred Stevens; an actress, Geneva Withers; and William Clifton, who operated a “policy shop,” probably
the Germania office. All but one of the building’s tenants were born in the United States.
42
Ten years
later, 357 Bowery housed seven families, most of them headed by immigrants, including John Brown, a
laborer, and his wife Margaret, both natives of Ireland; barber Henry Schalaifer and his wife Mary, both
from Germany; Frank Goebles, a photographer from Prussia, and his wife, who was from Brunswick; and
Wah Hing and Chung Kong, who operated a laundry and were among the city’s few-thousand Chinese
immigrants.
43
Germania kept its Kleindeutschland branch in the building for only about a decade; the company
may have only had a ten-year lease, as between 1880 and 1882, Germania moved its branch northward a
block to 367 Bowery. In 1886, a dentist’s office apparently occupied the former Germania building,
where a dispute over a false tooth led one unhappy patron to try “to put the dentist through the window of
the store.”
44
Following Doughty’s 1888 death, his heirs continued to lease the property to others.
45
At the
turn of the century, 357 Bowery had 22 tenants, most of them immigrants, including the German-born hat
manufacturer George Baumiller and his wife Catharine, who lived with their seven American-born
children. Gustav Barth, a truss-maker who had also immigrated from Germany, lived with his Hungarian-
born wife Katie (Catherine) and her immigrant brother and sister. Five of the building’s tenants had been
born in Russia; likely part of the mass migration of Eastern European Jews to New York that began in the
early 1880s, they included tailor Moses Wassilowitz, as well as Philip Press, a manufacturer of women’s
belts, who lived with his wife Fannie, their American-born daughter, Irma, and their Russian-born
servant, Louisa Eireff.
46
Industrial tenants gradually displaced the building’s residents between 1900 and 1920. The 1905
New York State Census found only Gustav and Catherine Barth and their servant there, noting, “Rest of
building occupied by factories.”
47
Five years later, three families occupied 357 Bowery, including cook
Alfred Sheppard and his five lodgers—a brushmaker, two waiters, a cook, and a horseshoer—all of whom
were from Germany. Also living there were the Harbecks, a Russian-Jewish family comprising clothing
manufacturer Harry Harbeck, his wife Ida, and their three American-born children.
48
All of the building’s
residents were apparently displaced by industry by 1915, and in 1921, the New York City Fire
Department classified the building as a factory.
49
In 1926, the Doughty family sold 357 Bowery.
50
In 1929, when 357 Bowery housed a couple of industrial tenants, it was acquired by members of
the Laraia and Pellettieri families, who demolished the building’s original rear extension, replaced it with
a new, full-height extension to the rear lot line, and installed an Otis freight elevator.
51
In 1931, Rocco
Laraia & Company, a manufacturer of equipment for barbershops and beauty parlors, moved into the
building. The firm, which was known as Laraia & Pellettieri for a brief period in the 1950s, remained at
357 Bowery into the early 1970s; over the years, it shared the building with several other tenants,
including a roofer and an upholsterer in the 1940s, a mirror company in the 1950s, and a wire-products
company in the 1960s. By the mid-1970s, residents had started returning to the building and were openly
sharing space with commercial tenants. In 1979, Warren E. Spieker, Jr. of California and Ingo Swann, an
artist who was then a resident of 357 Bowery, acquired the building.
52
Swann, who is well-known among
5