The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
and Other COVID-Related Tax Provisions in
P.L. 116-260
January 5, 2021
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R46649
The COVI D-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service
Contents
Tables
Table 1. Provisions in the COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020.......................................... 2
Table 2. Estimated Cost of the COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020 ................................... 7
Table 3. COVID-Related Provisions in Division EE of the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2021 .................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4. Estimated Cost of COVID-Related Tax Relief in the Taxpayer Certainty and
Disaster Relief Act of 2020 .......................................................................................... 11
Contacts
Author Information ....................................................................................................... 12
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 1
ongress continues to consider tax policy proposals intended to alleviate the economic
effects associated with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) contains a number of individual
and business tax provisions.
Consideration of P.L. 116-260 followed the enactment of other laws addressing the COVID-19
crisis: (1) the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020
(P.L. 116-123); (2) the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA; P.L. 116-127); (3) the
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136);
1
and (4) the
Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (P.L. 116-139).
Other pandemic-related tax policy proposals were considered in the 116
th
Congress, but not
enacted. In the House, tax relief was also considered in the Heroes Act (H.R. 8406, adopted as
H.R. 925; H.R. 6800).
2
Legislation introduced in the Senate (the American Workers, Families,
and Employers Assistance Act [S. 4318]; the Supporting America’s Restaurant Workers Act [S.
4319]; and the Restoring Critical Supply Chains and Intellectual Property Act [S. 4324]) would
have provided tax relief intended to alleviate the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
3
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020 was enacted as Subtitle B to Title II of Division N of
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. Much of the COVID-19 tax relief provided in P.L.
116-260 appears in this act. Its provisions are summarized in Table 1 with other selected COVID-
19-related tax provisions. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimated that the COVID-
Related Tax Relief Act of 2020 would reduce federal revenue by $167.3 billion from FY2021
through FY2030 (Table 2).
4
The Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020, enacted as Division EE of P.L. 116-
260, contains numerous additional tax provisions. Many of the provisions extend expiring
provisions or are related to disaster relief.
5
Several of the provisions in Title II of Division EE of
P.L. 116-260 are related to previous or proposed COVID-19 tax relief and are summarized in
Table 3. JCT revenue estimates for these provisions are included in Table 4.
1
For more on tax provisions in the CARES Act, see CRS Report R46279, The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic
Security (CARES) Act—Tax Relief for Individuals and Businesses, coordinated by Molly F. Sherlock. For more on
other CARES Act provisions, see CRS Report R46299, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act:
CRS Experts, by William L. Painter and Diane P. Horn.
2
For more information on tax provisions in the Heroes Act, see CRS Report R46358, Heroes Act: Revenue Provisions,
coordinated by Molly F. Sherlock.
3
For more information on the Senate proposals, see CRS Report R46470, The American Workers, Families, and
Employers Assistance Act (S. 4318): Title II—Revenue Provisions and Other “HEALS Act” Tax Provisions,
coordinated by Molly F. Sherlock.
4
Joint Committee on T axation, “Estimated Budget Effects of the Revenue Provisions Contained in Rules Committee
Print 116-68, the ‘Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021,’” JCX-24-20, December 21, 2020.
5
For more information on expiring provisions or “tax extenders,” see CRS Report R46627, Tax Provisions Expiring in
2020 (“Tax Extenders”), by Molly F. Sherlock, by Molly F. Sherlock. For more information on disaster tax relief, see
CRS Report R45864, Tax Policy and Disaster Recovery, by Molly F. Sherlock and Jennifer Teefy.
C
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 2
Table 1. Provisions in the COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
Additional 2020
recovery rebates for
individuals
Enacts additional direct payments for individuals.
These payments are structured as refundable tax
credits against 2020 income taxes. The IRS will
generally use information from 2019 income tax
returns to issue the payments as soon as possible,
with a deadline of January 15, 2021. Eligible
individuals who do not receive a payment by that
date will receive the credit when they file their
2020 income tax return.
Payments are $600 per eligible individual ($1,200
for married joint filers), and $600 for each eligible
dependent.
The payment phases out at a rate of $5 per $100
of income above $75,000 ($112,500 for head of
household filers, $150,000 for married joint filers
or a surviving spouse).
Eligible taxpayers who file as single or head of
household must provide a Social Security Number
(SSN) in order to receive a payment. Married joint
filers must provide an SSN for at least one spouse.
For joint filers where one spouse provides an SSN
and the other spouse provides an Individual
Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN), the
payment amount is $600 rather than $1,200.
Individuals must also provide the SSNs of their
qualifying children in order to receive the
additional $600 per child.
These payments are generally exempt from
reduction for debts owed to or collected by
governmental agencies (including past-due child
support) and private/commercial debts.
For eligible individuals who did not file a 2019
income tax return and who received Social
Security, Supplemental Security Income (SSI),
Railroad Retirement, or Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA) benefits, Treasury is directed to issue
payments based on information provided by the
Social Security Administration or VA.
Clarifies that if a direct payment for a specified
Social Security, SSI, Railroad Retirement, or VA
beneficiary was deposited into the account of a
representative payee (“payee”) or fiduciary, it shall
be used only for the benefit of the entitled
beneficiary. The payee and fiduciary enforcement
provisions would apply as under current law.
Directs Treasury to conduct outreach to other
eligible nonfilers.
Requires Treasury to report on the use of funds
to carry out the payments.
If a taxpayer receives a larger advanced credit in
2020 than they were eligible for on their 2020
income tax return, they generally would not be
required to pay back the difference. If an individual
received an advanced payment less than what they
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11513, COVID-
19 and Direct Payments to
Individuals: Comparison of Recent
Proposals for a Second Round of
Payments, by Margot L.
Crandall-Hollick.
CRS Report R46415, CARES Act
(P.L. 116-136) Direct Payments:
Resources and Experts,
coordinated by Margot L.
Crandall-Hollick.
CRS Insight IN11282, COVID-19
and Direct Payments to
Individuals: Summary of the 2020
Recovery Rebates/Economic
Impact Payments in the CARES
Act (P.L. 116-136), by Margot L.
Crandall-Hollick.
CRS Insight IN11234, Tax Cuts
as Fiscal Stimulus: Comparing a
Payroll Tax Cut to a One-Time
Tax Rebate, by Molly F.
Sherlock and Donald J.
Marples.
CRS Report RS21126, Tax Cuts
and Economic Stimulus: How
Effective Are the Alternatives?, by
Jane G. Gravelle.
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 3
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
were eligible for on their 2020 income tax return,
they could claim the difference on that return
(filed in 2021).
Payments are made to the possessions (e.g.,
Puerto Rico) to provide funding for rebates.
Amendments to
recovery rebates
under the CARES
Act
Amendment to the CARES Act recovery rebates
to specify that the income level for the phaseout
for joint returns also applies to surviving spouses.
The amendment clarifies that if a CARES Act
direct payment for a specified Social Security, SSI,
Railroad Retirement, or VA beneficiary was
deposited into the account of a representative
payee (“payee”) or fiduciary, it shall be used only
for the benefit of the entitled beneficiary. The
payee and fiduciary enforcement provisions would
apply as under current law.
Amends the CARES Act to allow married joint
filers in which one spouse provided an ITIN to
retroactively receive the CARES Act direct
payment. The amendment would allow these
couples to receive a payment of $1,200, plus the
additional $500 per qualifying child. Under the
CARES Act, married joint filers were ineligible
unless they provided an SSN for both spouses.
For background, see
CRS Report R46415, CARES
Act (P.L. 116-136) Direct
Payments: Resources and
Experts, coordinated by Margot
L. Crandall-Hollick.
CRS Insight IN11282, COVID-
19 and Direct Payments to
Individuals: Summary of the
2020 Recovery
Rebates/Economic Impact
Payments in the CARES Act (P.L.
116-136), by Margot L.
Crandall-Hollick.
Extension of certain
deferred payroll
taxes
Employees whose employers deferred individual
payroll tax obligations are given an extended
repayment period. The period in which deferred
payroll taxes are to be ratably repaid is extended
from January 1, 2021, through April 30, 2021, to
January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2021.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11488, COVID-
19: Presidential Order Deferring
Individual Payroll Taxes, by Molly
F. Sherlock and Donald J.
Marples.
Regulations or
guidance clarifying
application of
educator expense
tax deduction
Requires the Secretary of the Treasury to provide
regulations or guidance clarifying that expenditures
on personal protective equipment, disinfectant,
and other supplies used in the prevention of
COVID-19 are tax-deductible educator expenses.
Clarification of tax
treatment of
forgiveness of
covered loans
Clarifies that expenses paid out of forgiven loans
under the Payment Protection Program that are
excluded from income would be deductible. This
section reverses recent IRS guidance (Notice
2020-32) that held these expenses were not
deductible. It also clarifies the language in the
CARES Act relating to exclusion of loan
forgiveness from income.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11378, IRS
Guidance Says No Deduction Is
Allowed for Business Expenses
Paid with Forgiven PPP Loans, by
Sean Lowry and Jane G.
Gravelle.
CRS Report R46284, COVID-19
Relief Assistance to Small
Businesses: Issues and Policy
Options, by Robert Jay Dilger,
Bruce R. Lindsay, and Sean
Lowry.
Emergency financial
aid grants
Students who receive emergency qualified financial
aid grants are not required to include such grants
in gross income for tax purposes. Qualified
financial aid grants are defined as grants awarded
under Sections 3504 and 18004 of the CARES Act
and any other emergency financial aid grant made
For background, see
CRS Report R41967, Higher
Education Tax Benefits: Brief
Overview and Budgetary Effects,
by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 4
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
to a student from a federal agency, a state, an
Indian tribe, an institution of higher education, or a
scholarship-granting organization for purposes of
providing financial relief to students enrolled at
institutions of higher education in response to a
qualifying emergency.
CRS In Focus IF11497, CARES
Act Higher Education Provisions,
coordinated by Cassandria
Dortch.
CRS Report R46506, The
Heroes Act: Education-Related
Provisions, coordinated by
Cassandria Dortch.
Clarification of tax
treatment of certain
loan forgiveness and
other business
financial assistance
under the CARES
Act
Clarifies that expenses paid out of forgiven loans
and grants under other programs, including
Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL) and Grants
for Shuttered Venue Operators, are deductible,
while the forgiven loans are excluded from
income.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11378, IRS
Guidance Says No Deduction Is
Allowed for Business Expenses
Paid with Forgiven PPP Loans, by
Sean Lowry and Jane G.
Gravelle.
CRS Report R46284, COVID-19
Relief Assistance to Small
Businesses: Issues and Policy
Options, by Robert Jay Dilger,
Bruce R. Lindsay, and Sean
Lowry.
CRS Insight IN11370, SBA EIDL
and Emergency EIDL Grants for
COVID-19, by Bruce R. Lindsay.
Authority to waive
certain information-
reporting
requirements
Provides authority for the Secretary of the
Treasury to waive information-reporting
requirements for forgiven loans or grants that are
excluded from income.
Application of special
rules to money
purchase pension
plans
The CARES Act allowed a series of special rules
for the use of retirement plan funds for
coronavirus-affected individuals. This provision
allows in-service distributions from money
purchase plans to be treated as coronavirus-
related distributions and is effective retroactively
as if included in the CARES Act.
For background, see
CRS In Focus IF11482,
Retirement and Pension
Provisions in the Coronavirus Aid,
Relief, and Economic Security Act
(CARES Act), by John J.
Topoleski and Elizabeth A.
Myers.
Election to waive
application of certain
modifications to
farming losses
Allows farmers who elected a two-year net
operating loss (NOL) carryback prior to the
CARES Act to elect to retain that two-year
carryback rather than claim the five-year carryback
provided in the CARES Act.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11296, Tax
Treatment of Net Operating
Losses (NOLs) in the Coronavirus
Aid, Relief, and Economic Security
(CARES) Act, by Jane G.
Gravelle.
CRS Insight IN11240, COVID-
19: Potential Role of Net
Operating Loss (NOL) Carrybacks
in Addressing the Economic
Effects, by Mark P. Keightley.
Oversight and audit
reporting
Adds the Senate Committee on Finance and the
House Committee on Ways and Means to the list
of appropriate congressional committees for the
purposes of receiving briefings from the
For background, see
CRS Report R46315,
Congressional Oversight
Provisions in the Coronavirus Aid,
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 5
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
Comptroller General related to oversight and
audit of COVID-19 recovery efforts.
Relief, and Economic Security
(CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136), by
Ben Wilhelm and William T.
Egar.
Disclosures to
identify tax
receivables not
eligible for collection
pursuant to qualified
tax collection
contracts
Modifies Section 6103(k) of the Internal Revenue
Code (IRC), which provides for disclosure of
certain tax returns and return information for
administrative purposes, to allow for disclosure of
certain taxpayer information to the Social Security
Administration to identify tax receivables not
eligible for collection because substantially all of
the taxpayer’s income consists of disability
insurance benefits under Section 223 of the Social
Security Act or supplemental security income
benefits under Title XVI of the Social Security Act.
Section 1205 of the Taxpayer First Act (P.L. 116-
25) provides that individuals whose income is
primarily derived from Supplemental Social
Security (SSI) and Social Security Disability
Insurance (SSDI) benefits be excluded from the
IRS private debt collection program beginning on
January 1, 2021.
For background, see
CRS In Focus IF10339, The
Internal Revenue Service’s Private
Tax Debt Collection Program, by
Gary Guenther.
CRS In Focus IF10506, Social
Security Disability Insurance
(SSDI), by William R. Morton.
CRS In Focus IF10482,
Supplemental Security Income
(SSI), by William R. Morton.
Modification of
certain protections
for taxpayer return
information
Modifies Section 6103 of the IRC, which provides
rules pertaining to confidentiality of tax returns, to
allow higher education institutions to designate a
contractor to receive tax return information on
behalf of such institutions and to revise rules
regarding disclosed return information for the
purpose of carrying out the Higher Education Act
(P.L. 89-329).
For background, see
CRS Report R44503, Federal
Student Aid: Need Analysis
Formulas and Expected Family
Contribution, by Benjamin
Collins.
CRS Report R46400, The
FUTURE Act (P.L. 116-91):
Amendments to the Higher
Education Act and Internal
Revenue Code, by Benjamin
Collins et al.
2020 election to
terminate transfer
period for qualified
transfers from
pension plan for
covering future
retiree costs
Under current law up to 10 years of retiree health
and life costs may be transferred from a company’s
pension plan to a retiree health benefits account
and/or a retiree life insurance account within the
pension plan, if certain conditions are met. One of
the conditions, that plan funding must be 120% or
greater of expected future outlays for the duration
of the transfer, has been more difficult to meet
due to COVID-19 market volatility. This provision
allows employers to make a one-time election
during 2020 and 2021 to end any existing transfer
period for any taxable year beginning after the
date of election, if the plan maintains funding of at
least 100% for the original transfer period and
meets other conditions.
For background, see
CRS Report R46366, Single-
Employer Defined Benefit Pension
Plans: Funding Relief and
Modifications to Funding Rules,
by John J. Topoleski and
Elizabeth A. Myers.
Extension of credits
for paid sick and
family leave
Extends the refundable payroll tax credits, enacted
in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act
(FFCRA; P.L. 116-127), through March 31, 2021.
The credits apply as if the corresponding employer
mandates were also extended.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11243, Tax
Credit for Paid Sick and Family
Leave in the Families First
Coronavirus Response Act (H.R.
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 6
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
6201) (Updated), by Molly F.
Sherlock.
CRS In Focus IF11487, The
Families First Coronavirus
Response Act Leave Provisions, by
Sarah A. Donovan and Jon O.
Shimabukuro.
Election to use prior
year net earnings
from self-
employment in
determining average
daily self-
employment income
for purposes of
credits for paid sick
and family leave
Average daily self-employment income is an
amount equal to the net earnings from self-
employment for the taxable year divided by 260.
This provision allows individuals to elect to use
average daily self-employment income from 2019,
instead of 2020, to compute the credit. This
provision is effective as if included in FFCRA.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11243, Tax
Credit for Paid Sick and Family
Leave in the Families First
Coronavirus Response Act (H.R.
6201) (Updated), by Molly F.
Sherlock.
Certain technical
improvements to
credits for paid sick
and family leave
Makes technical changes to and coordinates the
definitions of qualified wages for paid sick leave,
paid family and medical leave, and the exclusion of
such leave from employer Old-Age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance (OASDI) tax. This provision is
effective as if included in FFCRA.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11243, Tax
Credit for Paid Sick and Family
Leave in the Families First
Coronavirus Response Act (H.R.
6201) (Updated), by Molly F.
Sherlock.
Source: CRS analysis of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260).
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 9
Table 3. COVID-Related Provisions in Division EE of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
Employee Retention
Credit
Modifies and extends the employee retention
credit. Changes, which are retroactive to the
CARES Act, would (1) clarify that group health
plan expenses are considered qualifying wages,
even when no other wages are paid; (2) clarify the
determination of gross receipts for certain tax-
exempt organizations; and (3) allow employers
who receive Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)
loans to claim the ERTC with respect to wages
that are not paid for with forgiven PPP proceeds.
Extends and modifies the credit, with the revised
credit called the employee retention and rehiring
tax credit. The credit is extended through June 30,
2021. Additional modifications (1) increase the
credit rate from 50% to 70%; (2) increase the
amount of wages that can qualify for the credit
from a total of $10,000 to $10,000 per calendar
quarter; (3) reduce the decline in gross receipts
threshold for credit eligibility from 50% to 20%,
and allow certain employers to determine
eligibility using the prior quarter’s gross receipts;
(4) increase the threshold for which the credit can
only be claimed for wages paid when services are
not provided from 100 to 500 full-time employees;
(5) allow employers who were not in existence for
all or part of 2019 to qualify for the credit; (6)
allow certain public-sector employers to claim the
credit; (7) provide that advance payments be
allowed at any point in the calendar quarter for
employers with 500 or fewer employees; (8)
provide special rules for seasonal employers for
calculating credit amounts; and (9) direct the
Secretary of the Treasury to conduct a public
awareness campaign regarding the availability of
the credit in coordination with the Small Business
Administration.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11299, COVID-
19: The Employee Retention Tax
Credit, by Molly F. Sherlock.
CRS Insight IN11324, CARES
Act Assistance for Employers and
Employees—The Paycheck
Protection Program, Employee
Retention Tax Credit, and
Unemployment Insurance
Benefits: Overview (Part 1),
coordinated by Molly F.
Sherlock.
CRS Insight IN11329, CARES
Act Assistance for Employers and
Employees—The Paycheck
Protection Program, Employee
Retention Tax Credit, and
Unemployment Insurance
Benefits: Assessment of
Alternatives (Part 2),
coordinated by Molly F.
Sherlock.
Temporary Rule
Preventing Partial
Plan Termination
Modifies the current partial plan termination rules
to ensure such termination does not occur if the
active participant count as of March 31, 2021, is at
least 80% of the number of active participants
covered by the plan on March 13, 2020.
Business Meals
Deduction
Allows a 100% deduction for expenses paid or
incurred in 2021 or 2022 for business meal food
and beverages provided by a restaurant, including
any carry-out or delivery meals. Absent this
provision, a 50% deduction is allowed for business
meals.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11313, Business
Deductions for Entertainment
and Meals, by Donald J.
Marples
Special Rule for
Determining Earned
Income
If a taxpayer’s earned income in 2020 is less than
earned income from the preceding year (i.e.,
2019), the taxpayer can elect to use preceding
year earned income for the purposes of
determining the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
or the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC).
For background, see
CRS Report R45864, Tax Policy
and Disaster Recovery, by Molly
F. Sherlock and Jennifer Teefy.
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service 10
Section Title
Description
CRS Resources
CRS Report R43805, The
Earned Income Tax Credit
(EITC): How It Works and Who
Receives It, by Margot L.
Crandall-Hollick, Gene Falk,
and Conor F. Boyle.
CRS In Focus IF11077, The
Child Tax Credit, by Margot L.
Crandall-Hollick.
Special Rules for
Charitable
Contributions
Taxpayers who do not itemize deductions are
allowed an above-the-line deduction of up to $300
($600 for married couples) for 2021. The CARES
Act allowed a deduction of up to $300 for 2020.
The CARES Act also suspended the 50% of AGI
limit (temporarily 60% for cash contributions
through 2025) on cash contributions for
individuals for 2020. The corporate deduction limit
was increased from 10% of taxable income to 25%
for cash contributions. The limit on the deduction
for contributions of food inventory was increased
from 15% to 25% for both corporate and
noncorporate businesses. The increased limits did
not apply to contributions to private foundations
and donor-advised funds. These revisions are
extended to 2021.
For background, see
CRS Insight IN11420,
Temporary Enhancements to
Charitable Contributions
Deductions in the CARES Act, by
Jane G. Gravelle.
Health and
Dependent Care
Flexible Spending
Arrangements (FSAs)
Flexible spending accounts (FSAs) provide
exclusions from income tax for contributions for
benefits that can be used for health and dependent
care. Individuals’ contributions are generally
forfeited if not used during the plan year (or,
where applicable, an allowed grace period). Health
FSAs may allow limited amounts to be rolled over
to subsequent plan years.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allowed
employers to provide employees with the ability
to make midyear changes to the amounts
contributed to FSAs during 2020. Because some
plans do not follow a calendar year, the IRS also
allowed employers to extend the availability of
FSA funds through the end of 2020 for plans that
were scheduled to end before December 31.
This provision allows employers to extend the
availability of FSA contribution amounts from 2020
to 2021, and from 2021 to 2022. It also allows
employers to increase the coverage of dependent
care expenses from children under age 13 to
children under age 14. Additionally, it allows
employers to make health FSA funds available to
employees who made contributions to their health
FSA and were terminated in 2020 or 2021. Finally,
it allows employers to provide employees with the
opportunity to make midyear, prospective FSA
contribution changes for plans ending in 2021.
For background, see
CRS In Focus IF11597, Potential
Impact of COVID-19 on
Dependent Care Flexible
Spending Arrangements (FSAs),
by Conor F. Boyle and Margot
L. Crandall-Hollick.
CRS In Focus IF11576, Potential
COVID-19 Impacts on Health
Flexible Spending Arrangements
(FSAs) and Recent Health FSA
Changes, by Ryan J. Rosso.
Source: CRS analysis of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260).
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020
Congressional Research Service R46649 · VERSION 1 · NEW 12
Author Information
Molly F. Sherlock
Specialist in Public Finance
Jane G. Gravelle
Senior Specialist in Economic Policy
Donald J. Marples
Specialist in Public Finance
Mark P. Keightley
Specialist in Economics
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