Appendix 3.7 –
Detailed Calculation of Marine Emission
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 1
1 CHINA FERRY TERMINAL
Macau and China Ferries Berthing at China Ferry Terminal
1.1 China Ferry Terminal provides 8 berths for ferry services to Macau and Pearl River Delta
China (China). The ferry services are mainly provided by Cotai Water Jet, TurboJet and
Chu Kong Passenger Transport Limited. The arrival and departure schedules were
reviewed based on TurboJet’s website and the latest available online information on Marine
Department’s website (https://crossboundaryferryservices.mardep.gov.hk/en/) (for the
other 2 operators as no available information on their websites), and are presented in Table
1.1 and Table 1.2.
Table 1.1 Schedule of Ferry Service to and from Macau
Hour
Departure
Arrival
Hour
Departure
Arrival
0:00
0
0
12:00
2
0
1:00
0
0
13:00
0
1
2:00
0
0
14:00
2
1
3:00
0
0
15:00
1
2
4:00
0
0
16:00
0
1
5:00
0
0
17:00
1
2
6:00
0
0
18:00
2
2
7:00
1
0
19:00
0
2
8:00
1
0
20:00
0
1
9:00
3
1
21:00
0
0
10:00
2
1
22:00
0
1
11:00
2
2
23:00
0
0
Table 1.2 Schedule of Ferry Service to and from China
Hour
Departure
Arrival
Hour
Departure
Arrival
0:00
0
0
12:00
1
3
1:00
0
0
13:00
2
1
2:00
0
0
14:00
1
1
3:00
0
0
15:00
2
2
4:00
0
0
16:00
2
0
5:00
0
0
17:00
1
5
6:00
0
0
18:00
4
1
7:00
2
0
19:00
0
2
8:00
4
0
20:00
1
1
9:00
1
2
21:00
0
1
10:00
1
3
22:00
0
0
11:00
3
2
23:00
0
0
1.2 During hotelling mode, ferries rely on the auxiliary engines to supply electrical needs. Due
to the lack of available information, auxiliary engine information for Macau ferries and China
ferries were assumed the same except the engine power and the information is
summarized in Table 1.3. Therefore, the emissions from Macau ferries and China ferries
were calculated separately but modelled as a combined emission source at the berths.
Emission during hoteling at the berths were modelled as “POINTHOR” sources with
AERMOD. Horizontal plume was assumed for the hotelling emission at 6.2mAG, with exit
temperature of 773K and stack diameter of 0.7m (with reference to the approved Expansion
of Heliport Facilities at Macau Ferry Terminal EIA Report (MFT EIA Report)
1
) and an exit
velocity of 8m/s (with reference to the approved Sludge Treatment Facilities EIA Report
1
Civil Aviation Department. 2005. Expansion of Heliport Facilities at Macau Ferry Terminal EIA Report. Prepared by Maunsell
Environmental Management Consultants Ltd.
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 2
(STF EIA Report)
2
). The auxiliary engine information for Macau and China ferries and
locations of berths are summarized in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Auxiliary Engine Information and Locations of Berths for Macau and
China Ferries
Parameters
Unit
Macau Ferry
China Ferry
Coordinates for Berths
(Combined for Macau and China
Ferries)
-
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
835044.8
817788.1
835096.7
817795.3
835153.9
817806.0
835246.6
817940.1
835274.1
817791.1
835202.2
817780.0
835146.7
817768.9
835097.6
817754.9
Auxiliary Engine Power
[1]
kW
326
208
Auxiliary Engine Load Factor
[2]
-
0.45
Notes:
[1] Maximum auxiliary engine power for the Macau and China Ferries from Section 4.2.12 and Section 4.2.13
of Institute for the Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST): Final Report
of Study on Marine Vessels Emission Inventory (MVEIS)
3
[2] Table 4-10 of MVEIS
3
1.3 Each ferry was assumed to hotel at the berth for half an hour. The emission factors were
referenced to MVEIS published by HKUST
3
. All RSP emissions were assumed for FSP
as a conservative approach. The emission factors and emission rates for each Macau ferry
and China ferry at each berth are presented in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4 Hotelling Emission Information for Macau and China Ferries
Parameters
Unit
Macau Ferry
China Ferry
Hotelling Time
hr
0.5
No. of Berths
-
8
Emission Factors of
Auxiliary Engine
[1]
NOx
g/kWh
10
RSP
g/kWh
0.31
Emission Rates for
Hotelling for each Ferry
at each Berth
[2]
NOx
g/s
2.547E-02
1.625E-02
RSP
g/s
7.895E-04
5.038E-04
Notes:
[1] Table 4-17 of MVEIS
3
[2] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor x Hotelling Time ÷ No. of Berths ÷ 3600
1.4 Emission rate at each hour was calculated based on the number of Macau and China ferries
hotelling at berth, which was assumed as the maximum number of ferries among departure
and arrival at each hour. The hourly NOx and RSP emission rates are summarized in Table
1.5 and Table 1.6 respectively.
2
Environmental Protection Department. 2008. Sludge Treatment Facilities EIA Report. Prepared by Metcalf & Eddy Ltd.
3
Institute for the Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology. 2012. Final Report of Study on Marine Vessels
Emission Inventory.
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 3
Table 1.5 Hourly NOx Emission Rates during Hotelling
Hour
Macau Ferry
China Ferry
Total NOx
Emission
Rate (g/s)
No. of
Vessels
NOx Emission
Rate (g/s)
No. of
Vessels
NOx Emission
Rate (g/s)
0:00
0
0
0
0
0
1:00
0
0
0
0
0
2:00
0
0
0
0
0
3:00
0
0
0
0
0
4:00
0
0
0
0
0
5:00
0
0
0
0
0
6:00
0
0
0
0
0
7:00
1
2.547E-02
2
3.250E-02
5.797E-02
8:00
1
2.547E-02
4
6.500E-02
9.047E-02
9:00
3
7.641E-02
2
3.250E-02
1.089E-01
10:00
2
5.094E-02
3
4.875E-02
9.969E-02
11:00
2
5.094E-02
3
4.875E-02
9.969E-02
12:00
2
5.094E-02
3
4.875E-02
9.969E-02
13:00
1
2.547E-02
2
3.250E-02
5.797E-02
14:00
2
5.094E-02
1
1.625E-02
6.719E-02
15:00
2
5.094E-02
2
3.250E-02
8.344E-02
16:00
1
2.547E-02
2
3.250E-02
5.797E-02
17:00
2
5.094E-02
5
8.125E-02
1.322E-01
18:00
2
5.094E-02
4
6.500E-02
1.159E-01
19:00
2
5.094E-02
2
3.250E-02
8.344E-02
20:00
1
2.547E-02
1
1.625E-02
4.172E-02
21:00
0
0
1
1.625E-02
1.625E-02
22:00
1
2.547E-02
0
0
2.547E-02
23:00
0
0
0
0
0
Table 1.6 Hourly RSP Emission Rates during Hotelling
Hour
Macau Ferry
China Ferry
Total RSP
Emission
Rate (g/s)
No. of
Vessels
RSP Emission
Rate (g/s)
No. of
Vessels
RSP Emission
Rate (g/s)
0:00
0
0
0
0
0
1:00
0
0
0
0
0
2:00
0
0
0
0
0
3:00
0
0
0
0
0
4:00
0
0
0
0
0
5:00
0
0
0
0
0
6:00
0
0
0
0
0
7:00
1
7.895E-04
2
1.008E-03
1.797E-03
8:00
1
7.895E-04
4
2.015E-03
2.805E-03
9:00
3
2.369E-03
2
1.008E-03
3.376E-03
10:00
2
1.579E-03
3
1.511E-03
3.090E-03
11:00
2
1.579E-03
3
1.511E-03
3.090E-03
12:00
2
1.579E-03
3
1.511E-03
3.090E-03
13:00
1
7.895E-04
2
1.008E-03
1.797E-03
14:00
2
1.579E-03
1
5.038E-04
2.083E-03
15:00
2
1.579E-03
2
1.008E-03
2.587E-03
16:00
1
7.895E-04
2
1.008E-03
1.797E-03
17:00
2
1.579E-03
5
2.519E-03
4.098E-03
18:00
2
1.579E-03
4
2.015E-03
3.594E-03
19:00
2
1.579E-03
2
1.008E-03
2.587E-03
20:00
1
7.895E-04
1
5.038E-04
1.293E-03
21:00
0
0
1
5.038E-04
5.038E-04
22:00
1
7.895E-04
0
0
7.895E-04
23:00
0
0
0
0
0
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 4
Macau and China Ferries Cruising within Victoria Harbour
1.5 During cruising mode, Macau ferries rely on the main engine, while China ferries operate
with both main engine and auxiliary engine, with reference to the approved West Kowloon
Cultural District EIA Report
4
. The maximum designed cruising speeds for Macau ferries
and China ferries are 45 knots and 32 knots, respectively, while the maximum allowable
cruising speed within Victoria Harbour is 10 knots. As a conservative approach, the load
factors for main engines were assumed as the ratio of actual cruising speed in Victoria
Harbour to the maximum designed cruising speed. Therefore, the load factors for Macau
ferries and China ferries are 0.22 (10/45) and 0.31 (10/32), respectively. The engine
information for Macau and China ferries is presented in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7 Engine Information for Macau and China Ferries
Parameters
Unit
Macau Ferry
China Ferry
Main Engine Power
[1]
kW
9280
5490
Main Engine Speed
[2]
rpm
2000
2000
Max. Designed Cruising Speed
[2]
knots
45
32
Victoria Harbour Speed Limit
[3]
knots
10
Main Engine Load Factor
[4]
-
0.22
0.31
Auxiliary Engine Power
[5]
kW
326
208
Auxiliary Load Factor
[6]
-
0.45
Notes:
[1] Maximum main engine power for the Macau and China Ferries from Sections 4.2.7 and Section 4.2.8 of
MVEIS
3
[2] http://www.barcaferry.com/index_c.htm
[3] Schedule 4 of Shipping and Port Control Regulations (CAP 313A), as illustrated in
https://www.mardep.gov.hk/en/publication/pdf/hps_speed_limit.pdf
[4] Main Engine Load Factor = Actual Cruising Speed (i.e. 10 knots) ÷ Max. Designed Cruising Speed
[5] Maximum auxiliary engine power for the Macau and China Ferries from Section 4.2.12 and Section 4.2.13
of MVEIS
3
[6] Table 4-10 of MVEIS
3
1.6 Emissions from both Macau and China ferries travelling along the routes were modelled as
“AREA” sources with AERMOD with a route width of 30m and exhaust height at 6.2mAG,
with reference to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
and MFT EIA Report
1
, respectively.
The locations of the cruising routes are shown in Table 1.8.
Table 1.8 Locations of Cruising Routes for Macau and China Ferries
Macau Ferries
China Ferries
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
834934.0
817748.9
833726.1
818674.7
834747.5
817688.9
833730.6
818529.0
834578.8
817628.8
833735.0
818374.7
834361.2
817560.3
833730.6
818207.5
834161.3
817487.4
833735.0
818018.9
833974.8
817423.1
833735.0
817877.4
833735.0
817693.1
833735.0
817547.4
833814.9
817440.3
833863.8
817384.5
834010.4
817431.7
834179.1
817491.7
834347.9
817547.4
834516.6
817611.7
834707.6
817676.0
4
West Kowloon Cultural District Authority. 2013. West Kowloon Cultural District Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Prepared
by Mott MacDonald.
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 5
1.7 The emission factors were reference to the emission limits for Tier 1 engines as stated in
MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulation for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships and
MVEIS
3
. All RSP emissions were assumed for FSP as a conservative approach. The
emission factors and emission rates for each ferry movement are calculated in Table 1.9.
Table 1.9 Emission Information for each Ferry Movement
Parameters
Unit
Macau Ferry
China Ferry
Distance Travelled
m
1106.78
2434.70
Cruising Time
[1]
hr
0.06
0.13
Area of Route
m
2
33203.18
73040.93
Emission Factors of Main
Engine
NOx
[2]
g/kWh
9.8
RSP
[3]
g/kWh
0.31
Emission Rates of Main
Engine for each Ferry
Movement
[4]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
1.010E-05
8.406E-06
RSP
g/m
2
/s
3.196E-07
2.659E-07
Emission Factors of
Auxiliary Engine
[3]
NOx
g/kWh
10
RSP
g/kWh
0.31
Emission Rates of
Auxiliary Engine for each
Ferry Movement
[4]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
N.A.
4.680E-07
RSP
g/m
2
/s
N.A.
1.451E-08
Total Emission Rates for
each Ferry Movement
[5]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
1.010E-05
8.874E-06
RSP
g/m
2
/s
3.196E-07
2.804E-07
Notes:
[1] Cruising Time = Distance Travelled ÷ Max. Allowable Cruising Speed in Victoria Harbour
[2] Emission limit for Tier 1 engines stated in MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulation for the Prevention of Air
Pollution from Ships from
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Nitrogen-oxides-
(NOx)-%E2%80%93-Regulation-13.aspx
[3] Table 4-17 of MVEIS
3
[4] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor x Cruising Time ÷ Area of Route ÷ 3600
Macau ferries rely on main engine only during cruising mode, with reference to the approved WKCD EIA
Report
4
.
[5] Total Cruising Emission Rate = Emission Rate of Main Engine + Emission Rate of Auxiliary Engine (China
ferries only)
1.8 Emission rates for each hour were calculated based on the total number of vessels arriving
and departing China Ferry Terminal. The hourly emission rates for Macau and China ferries
are presented in Table 1.10 and Table 1.11, respectively.
Table 1.10 Hourly Emission Rates for Macau Ferries during Cruising
Hour
No. of Vessels
NOx Emission Rate (g/s)
RSP Emission Rate (g/s)
0:00
0
0
0
1:00
0
0
0
2:00
0
0
0
3:00
0
0
0
4:00
0
0
0
5:00
0
0
0
6:00
0
0
0
7:00
1
1.010E-05
3.196E-07
8:00
1
1.010E-05
3.196E-07
9:00
4
4.042E-05
1.278E-06
10:00
3
3.031E-05
9.589E-07
11:00
4
4.042E-05
1.278E-06
12:00
2
2.021E-05
6.392E-07
13:00
1
1.010E-05
3.196E-07
14:00
3
3.031E-05
9.589E-07
15:00
3
3.031E-05
9.589E-07
16:00
1
1.010E-05
3.196E-07
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 6
Hour
No. of Vessels
NOx Emission Rate (g/s)
RSP Emission Rate (g/s)
17:00
3
3.031E-05
9.589E-07
18:00
4
4.042E-05
1.278E-06
19:00
2
2.021E-05
6.392E-07
20:00
1
1.010E-05
3.196E-07
21:00
0
0
0
22:00
1
1.010E-05
3.196E-07
23:00
0
0
0
Table 1.11 Hourly Emission Rates for China Ferries during Cruising
Hour
No. of Vessels
NOx Emission Rate (g/s)
RSP Emission Rate (g/s)
0:00
0
0
0
1:00
0
0
0
2:00
0
0
0
3:00
0
0
0
4:00
0
0
0
5:00
0
0
0
6:00
0
0
0
7:00
2
1.775E-05
5.608E-07
8:00
4
3.550E-05
1.122E-06
9:00
3
2.662E-05
8.412E-07
10:00
4
3.550E-05
1.122E-06
11:00
5
4.437E-05
1.402E-06
12:00
4
3.550E-05
1.122E-06
13:00
3
2.662E-05
8.412E-07
14:00
2
1.775E-05
5.608E-07
15:00
4
3.550E-05
1.122E-06
16:00
2
1.775E-05
5.608E-07
17:00
6
5.324E-05
1.682E-06
18:00
5
4.437E-05
1.402E-06
19:00
2
1.775E-05
5.608E-07
20:00
2
1.775E-05
5.608E-07
21:00
1
8.874E-06
2.804E-07
22:00
0
0
0
23:00
0
0
0
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 7
2 NEW YAU MA TEI PUBLIC CARGO WORKING AREA (NYPCWA)
Derrick Lighter Barges Loading and Unloading at NYPCWA
2.1 The NYPCWA is located at the shoreline of New Yau Ma Tei Typhoon Shelter (NYMTTS).
It mainly serves the purpose of loading and unloading cargos with the use of derrick lighter
barges. The shoreline is approximately 1,250 metres long. With reference to the Merchant
Shipping (Local Vessels) (Typhoon Shelters) Regulation (CAP 548E), the maximum
permitted length for local vessels in NYMTTS is 50 metres. With the assumption of 5
metres at bow and stern for maneuvering purpose, the maximum number of vessels
operating simultaneously is 20 (shoreline length divided by sum of vessel and maneuvering
length). The NYPCWA is under operation from 07:00 to 21:00 daily.
2.2 During loading and unloading, auxiliary engines of the derrick lighter barges support the
lifting operations. Emissions from derrick lighter barges during loading and unloading were
modelled as “POINT” sources with AERMOD. Vertical plume was assumed for the hotelling
emission at a height of 11mAG, with exit temperature of 588K and stack diameter of 0.2m
with reference to the approved West New Territories (WENT) Landfill Extensions –
Feasibility Study EIA Report
5
and an exit velocity of 8m/s (with reference to the approved
STF EIA Report
2
. The auxiliary engine information for derrick lighter barges and locations
of the berths are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Auxiliary Engine Information for Derrick Lighter Barges and Locations
of Berths
Parameters
Unit
Derrick Lighter Barge
Coordinates for the Berths
-
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
834355.6
818461.5
834379.3
818492.6
834401.4
818533.0
834432.3
818571.3
834461.0
818613.9
834489.8
818658.5
834505.2
818726.6
834505.2
818786.1
834505.2
818847.8
834505.2
818913.8
834505.2
818969.1
834505.2
819018.0
834505.2
819077.5
834505.2
819158.4
834505.2
819220.1
834505.2
819281.7
834505.2
819364.7
834505.2
819437.0
834505.2
819502.9
834505.2
819564.6
Auxiliary Engine Power
[1]
kW
116
Auxiliary Engine Load Factor
[2]
-
0.43
Notes:
[1] Table 4-6 of MVEIS
3
[2] Table 4-10 of MVEIS
3
.
2.3 With reference to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
, the barges operate around 5 minutes
out of every operation period of 20 minutes. Therefore, 0.25 (5/20) was adopted as an
5
Environmental Protection Department. 2009. West New Territories (WENT) Landfill Extensions – Feasibility Study EIA Report.
Prepared by Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd.
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 8
activity factor. All RSP emissions were assumed for FSP as a conservative approach. The
emission factors and emission rates for each derrick lighter barge for loading and unloading
at NYPCWA are summarized in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Emission Information for each Barge during Loading and Unloading
Parameters
Unit
Derrick Lighter Barge
Activity Factor
[1]
-
0.25
Emission Factors of Main
Engine
[2]
NOx
g/kWh
10.0
RSP
g/kWh
0.4
Emission Rates for
Loading and Unloading
per Barge
[4]
NOx
g/s
3.464E-02
RSP
g/s
1.386E-03
Notes:
[1] With reference to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
, the derrick lighter barges operate for around 5 minutes
out of every operation period of 20 minutes. Therefore, 0.25 (5/20) was adopted as an activity factor.
[2] Table 4-16 of MVEIS
3
[3] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor x Activity Factor ÷ 3600
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 9
3 NEW YAU MA TEI TPYHOON SHELTER (NYMTTS)
Tug Movement at NYMTTS
3.1 With reference to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
, there are about 130 small craft
movements both entering and leaving the NYMTTS, similar to the findings of site survey of
a maximum of 9 numbers per hour as presented in Annex B. All small crafts were assumed
to be tugs and the operation period was assumed the same as that of NYPCWA, i.e. 07:00
to 21:00 daily.
3.2 Within NYMTTS, tugs cruise with main engine and auxiliary engine at a max. speed of 5
knots according to the Schedule 4 of CAP 313A. Emissions from tugs cruising at NYMTTS
were modelled as “AREA” sources with AERMOD with a route width of 30m with reference
to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
and an exhaust height of 4mAG based on observation
7
. The engine information for tugs and the locations of the cruising route are summarized
in Table 3.1 below.
Table 3.1 Engine Information for Tugs and Locations of Cruising Route
Parameters
Unit
Tug
Coordinates for Cruising Route
-
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
833704.9
818666.9
833796.5
818611.6
833903.5
818549.0
833976.0
818504.7
834094.4
818434.7
834228.1
818445.7
834316.0
818567.4
834400.0
818666.9
834403.8
818840.2
Main Engine Power
[1]
kW
629
Main Engine Load Factor
[2] [3]
-
0.30
Auxiliary Engine Power
[4]
kW
33.4
Auxiliary Engine Load Factor
[2] [5]
-
0.43
Notes:
[1] Weighted main engine power based on Table 4-4 and Table 4-5 of MVEIS
3
.
[2] Speed limit of 5 knots for typhoon shelter, according to Schedule 4 of CAP 313A, as illustrated in
https://www.mardep.gov.hk/en/publication/pdf/hps_speed_limit.pdf. Maneuvering mode was assumed.
[3] Table 4-7 of MVEIS
3
[4] Weighted main engine power based on Table 4-4 and Table 4-6 of MVEIS
3
.
[5] Table 4-10 of MVEIS
3
3.3 The emission factors were referenced to MVEIS published by HKUST
3
. All RSP emissions
were assumed for FSP as a conservative approach. The emission factors and emission
rates for tug movement is presented in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2 Emission Information for Tug Movement
Parameters
Unit
Tug
Distance Travelled
m
1236.12
Average Cruising Speed
[1]
knots
5
km/hr
9.3
Cruising Time
[2]
hr
0.13
Area of Route
m
2
37083.71
No. of Vessels
[3]
per day
130
per hour
9.3
NOx
g/kWh
13.2
7
The typical funnel location (where exhaust is released) of a tug is illustrated in:
https://inspirationaltechnology.in/ship-parts-and-their-function/machines/
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 10
Parameters
Unit
Tug
Emission Factors of Main
Engine
[4]
RSP
g/kWh
0.72
Emission Factors of Auxiliary
Engine
[4]
NOx
g/kWh
10.0
RSP
g/kWh
0.40
Emission Rates of Main
Engine
[5]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
2.311E-05
RSP
g/m
2
/s
1.261E-06
Emission Rates of Auxiliary
Engine
[5]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
1.333E-06
RSP
g/m
2
/s
5.331E-08
Total Emission Rates for Tug
Movement
[6]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
2.444E-05
RSP
g/m
2
/s
1.314E-06
Notes:
[1] Speed limit of 5 knots for typhoon shelter, according to Schedule 4 of CAP 313A.
[2] Cruising Time = Distance Travelled ÷ Average Cruising Speed
[3] Reference to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
, which is similar to the findings of site survey of 8-9 numbers
per hour.
[4] Table 4-16 of MVEIS
3
[5] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor x Cruising Time x No. of Vessels ÷ Area of
Route ÷ 3600
[6] Total Emission Rate = Emission Rate of Main Engine + Emission Rate of Auxiliary Engine
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 11
4 OCEAN TERMINAL
4.1.1.1 There are 2 berths for cruises at Ocean Terminal. One of them is reserved for a 40,000-
ton local cruise, Star Pisces, while another berth is for international cruises. According to
the cruise schedule on Ocean Terminal’s website
(http://www.oceanterminal.com.hk/en/schedule.php?cid=1&y=2019&m=3&f=t#CruiseSch
edule), Queen Victoria, a 90,000-ton cruise is the largest cruise to the terminal with a length
of 294m. Therefore, Queen Victoria was considered representative among the visiting
cruises and selected for the assessment as a reasonable and conservative assumption.
The auxiliary engine and boiler information is summarized in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Auxiliary Engine and Auxiliary Boiler Information for Star Pisces and
Queen Victoria
Parameters
Unit
Star Pisces
Queen Victoria
Name of Auxiliary / Main Engine
-
Wartsila 6R32D
[1]
Sulzer 16ZA40S
and 12ZA40S
[2]
No. of Auxiliary / Main Engine
-
4
[1]
4 and 2
[2]
Power for each Engine
kW
2220
[3]
11520 and 8640
[4]
Total Main Engine Power
-
-
63360
Auxiliary Engine to Main Engine
Power Ratio
[5]
-
-
0.278
Total Auxiliary Engine Power
kW
8880
17614
Load Factor for Hotelling
[6]
-
0.416
Engine Speed
rpm
720
[3]
500
[4] [7]
Passenger Carrying Capacity
-
1859
[8]
3015
[9]
Auxiliary Boiler Power / Load for
Hotelling
[10]
kW
869
1000
Notes:
[1] http://matkustajalaivat2.com/cruiseships/starcruises/starpisces1990/Technical.htm
[2] Auxiliary engine of Queen Victoria is not available. Reference was made to the main engine from
http://www.nedcruise.info/eersteeng.htm.
[3] https://www.scribd.com/doc/35255987/Wartsila-Vasa-32-Project-Guide
[4] http://www.cheapower.com/photos/000270f.pdf and https://www.motorship.com/news101/industry-
news/confidence-confirmed-by-further-orders
[5] Table 3-20 of MVEIS
3
[6] Table 3-21 of MVEIS
3
[7] Auxiliary engine of Queen Victoria is not available. A lower engine speed among the 2 main engines (500rpm
and 514rpm) was assumed as a conservative approach.
[8] https://www.ctshk.com/english/special/ship/syxh-jj.htm
[9] https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/cunardqueen
[10] Table 3-23 of MVEIS
3
4.2 Based on the engine manual of Wartsila 6R32D, the air flow at load factor of 41.6% for Star
Pisces was estimated by interpolation according to the load factor. Due to the lack of
auxiliary engine information for Queen Victoria, the exhaust gas flow of Queen Victoria was
interpolated from Star Pisces according to the auxiliary engine power. The exhaust gas
flows for both cruises are presented in Table 4.2. The emission parameters are calculated
and summarized in Table 4.3.
Table 4.2 Exhaust Air Flow Information of Star Pisces and Queen Victoria
Load Factor
Exhaust Gas Flow (kg/s)
Star Pisces
Queen Victoria
100%
4.7
9.3
85%
4.1
8.1
75%
3.7
7.3
50%
2.7
5.4
41.6%
2.4
4.7
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 12
Table 4.3 Exhaust Parameters of Star Pisces and Queen Victoria
Parameters
Unit
Star Pisces
Queen Victoria
No. of Stack
-
4
[1]
4
[2]
Exhaust Gas Flow
kg/s
2.4
4.7
Exhaust Diameter
m
0.6
[3]
0.6
[2]
Input Air for Auxiliary Engine
kg/s
4.60
[3]
9.12
[4]
Molecular Weight of Air
g/mol
28.97
Molecular Weight of Fuel (C14H30)
g/mol
198.39
No. of Moles of Exhaust Air per sec
mol/s
81.6
161.9
No. of Moles of Exhaust Fuel per
sec
mol/s
0.254
0.503
Total No. of Moles of Exhaust
mol
81.86
162.37
Standard Pressure
kPa
101.3
Exhaust Temperature
[3]
K
448.2
Exhaust Air Flow
[5]
m
3
/s
3.01
5.97
Exhaust Velocity
[6]
m/s
10.65
21.12
Notes:
[1] 4 Engines so 4 exhaust stacks.
[2] Due to the lack of auxiliary engine information of Queen Victoria, it was assumed the same as Star Pisces.
[3] Reference to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
[4] Interpolation from Star Pisces by engine power due to the lack of auxiliary engine information of Queen
Victoria.
[5] By ideal gas law: PV = nRT
[6] Exhaust Velocity = Exhaust Air Flow ÷ ((Exhaust Diameter ÷ 2)
2
x π)
[7] Emission at 50mAG according to the approved WKCD EIA Report
4
.
4.3 According to the cruise schedule on Ocean Terminal’s website, Star Pisces berths at Ocean
Terminal from 08:00 to 19:30 from Monday to Friday and from 11:00 to 19:30 during
weekends. Berthing period from 08:00 and 20:00 was assumed as a conservative
approach. Since the international cruises might berth there overnight, 24 hours of berthing
period for Queen Victoria was assumed in the assessment. The cruise schedule from Year
2019 to 2022 has been reviewed. It was found that the number of days in a year with
international cruise visiting Ocean Terminal would be ranged from 36 (Year 2022) to 61
(Year 2019), which is in line with the estimated growth rate being capped at 2019 in the
Table 10-1 of MVEIS. Therefore, 24 hours of berthing every day over a year was assumed
as a conservative approach for short-term air quality impact assessment, while 24 hours of
berthing for the 1464 hours (61 days and 24 hours per day) with the highest pollutant
concentrations over a year was assumed as a reasonable assumption for long-term air
quality impact assessment. The emission factors were referenced to the emission limits as
stated in MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulation for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
and MVEIS
3
. All RSP emissions were assumed for FSP as a conservative approach. The
emission information is summarized in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Hotelling Emission Information for Cruises
Parameters
Unit
Star Pisces
Queen Victoria
Hotelling Time
hr
12
24
Emission Factors of
Auxiliary Engine
NOx
[1]
g/kWh
12.07
12.98
RSP
[2]
g/kWh
0.32
Emission Rates of
Auxiliary Engine
[3]
NOx
g/s
12.39
26.43
RSP
g/s
0.33
0.65
Emission Factors of
Auxiliary Boiler
[4]
NOx
g/kWh
2.00
RSP
g/kWh
0.19
Emission Rates of
Auxiliary Boiler
[5]
NOx
g/s
0.48
0.56
RSP
g/s
0.05
0.05
Total Emission Rates
per Exhaust
[6]
NOx
g/s
3.22
6.75
RSP
g/s
0.09
0.18
Notes:
[1] Emission limit for Tier 1 engines stated in MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulation for the Prevention of Air
Pollution from Ships, from
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 13
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Nitrogen-oxides-
(NOx)-%E2%80%93-Regulation-13.aspx
[2] Table 3-28 of MVEIS
3
. Emission factors for MGO (sulphur content of 0.5%) fuel was adopted.
[3] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor ÷ 3600
[4] Table 3-29 of MVEIS
3
. Emission factors for MGO (sulphur content of 0.5%) fuel was adopted.
[5] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power ÷ 3600
[6] Total Emission Rate = Emission Rate of Auxiliary Engine + Emission Rate of Auxiliary Boiler
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 14
5 PLANNED PIERS AT WKCD
5.1.1.1 Two planned piers would be developed at the southern and northern sides of the WKCD
for the potential marine traffic demand during WKCD’s event periods and a new marine
service within Victoria Harbour. According to the proposed schedule provided by Transport
Department, there would be a maximum of 4 regular in-harbour marine services daily from
11:00 to 21:00 using the southern pier. As there is no information available for the northern
pier at the time of study, the northern pier was not taken into account in the assessment.
The latest location of the southern pier as advised by WKCDA was adopted in the
assessment.
In-harbour Marine Vessels Berthing at the Southern Pier of WKCD
5.2 Due to the lack of available information of the marine vessels to be used for in-harbour
services, the passenger vessels were assumed to be ferries. According to Transport
Department’s website and information provided by Transport Department, Fortune Ferry
Company would be the operator of the ferry services and the expected passenger carrying
capacity is about 150 persons. Vessel type of “Others” was therefore assumed with
reference to the approved Tung Chung New Town Extension EIA Report (TCNTE EIA
Report)
8
, where the ferry services are also provided by Fortune Ferry Company. During
hotelling mode, the in-harbour marine vessels rely on the auxiliary engines to supply
electrical needs. Emission during hoteling at the pier was modelled as “POINT” source
with AERMOD. Vertical plume was assumed for the hotelling emission at 1mAG, with exit
temperature of 373K, exit velocity of 0m/s and stack diameter of 0.3m with reference to the
approved TCNTE EIA Report
8
. These assumptions are also applicable for a ferry of similar
size (with an approximate passenger carrying capacity about 160 persons) based on
observation. The auxiliary engine information for the in-harbour marine vessels and
location of the southern pier are summarized in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Auxiliary Engine Information and Locations of Pier for In-harbour
Marine Vessels
Parameters
Unit
In-harbour Marine Vessels
Coordinates for Southern Pier
-
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
834397.6
817838.7
Auxiliary Engine Power
[1]
kW
115
Load Factor for Hotelling
[2]
-
0.43
Notes:
[1] Table 4-6 of MVEIS
3
. Vessel type “Others” with the max. engine power was assumed.
[2] Table 4-10 of MVEIS
3
5.3 Each vessel was assumed to hotel at the pier for 5 minutes with reference to the approved
TCNTE EIA Report
8
. The emission factors were referenced to MVEIS published by
HKUST
3
. All RSP emissions were assumed for FSP as a conservative approach. The
average emission rates for each vessel are presented in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Hotelling Emission Information for In-harbour Marine Vessels
Parameters
Unit
In-harbour Marine Vessels
Hotelling Time
[1]
hr
0.08
Emission Factors of
Auxiliary Engine
[2]
NOx
g/kWh
10
RSP
g/kWh
0.4
Emission Rates for
Hotelling for each
Vessel
[3]
NOx
g/s
1.145E-02
RSP
g/s
4.579E-04
Notes:
[1] 5 minutes for hoteling was assumed with reference to the approved TCNTE EIA Report
8
.
8
Civil Engineering and Development Department. 2015. Tung Chung New Town Extension EIA Report. Prepared by Ove Arup &
Partners Hong Kong Ltd.
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 15
[2] Table 4-16 of MVEIS
3
[3] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor x Hotelling Time ÷ 3600
In-harbour Marine Vessel Movement in Victoria Harbour
5.4 During cruising mode, the in-harbour marine vessels cruise with main engine and auxiliary
engine at a max. speed of 10 knots according to the Schedule 4 of CAP 313A. Emissions
from the in-harbour marine vessels cruising within Victoria Harbour were modelled as
“AREA” sources with AERMOD with a route width of 30m and an exhaust height of 1mAG
with reference to the approved TCNTE EIA Report
8
. The engine information for the in-
harbour marine vessels and locations of the cruising route presented in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3 Engine Information for In-harbour Marine Vessels and Locations of
Cruising Route
Parameters
Unit
In-harbour Marine Vessels
Coordinates for Cruising Route
-
X-Coordinate
Y-Coordinate
834383.1
817831.8
834472.8
817733.9
Main Engine Power
[1]
kW
707
Main Engine Load Factor
[2]
-
0.45
Auxiliary Engine Power
[3]
kW
115
Auxiliary Engine Load Factor
[4]
-
0.43
Notes:
[1] Table 4-5 of MVEIS
3
. Vessel type “Others” with the max. engine power was assumed.
[2] Table 4-7 of MVEIS
3
. Slow cruise was assumed based on the speed limit of 10 knots for Victoria Harbour
according to Schedule 4 of CAP 313A as a conservative approach.
[3] Table 4-6 of MVEIS
3
. Vessel type “Others” with the max. engine power was assumed.
[4] Table 4-10 of MVEIS
3
. Slow cruise was assumed based on the speed limit of 10 knots for Victoria Harbour
according to Schedule 4 of CAP 313A as a conservative approach.
5.5 The emission factors were referenced to MVEIS published by HKUST
3
. All RSP emissions
were assumed for FSP as a conservative approach. The emission factors and emission
rates for each in-harbour marine vessels are presented in Table 5.4 below.
Table 5.4 Emission Information for each In-harbour Marine Vessel Movement
Parameters
Unit
In-harbour Marine Vessels
Distance Travelled
m
265.66
Victoria Harbour Speed Limit
[1]
knots
10
km/hr
18.5
Cruising Time
[2]
hr
0.01
Area of Route
m
2
7969.80
Emission Factors of Main
Engine
[3]
NOx
g/kWh
10
RSP
g/kWh
0.3
Emission Factors of Auxiliary
Engine
[3]
NOx
g/kWh
10.0
RSP
g/kWh
0.4
Emission Rates of Main
Engine
[4]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
1.591E-06
RSP
g/m
2
/s
4.772E-08
Emission Rates of Auxiliary
Engine
[4]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
2.472E-07
RSP
g/m
2
/s
9.889E-09
Total Emission Rates for each
In-harbour Marine Vessel
Movement
[5]
NOx
g/m
2
/s
1.838E-06
RSP
g/m
2
/s
5.761E-08
Notes:
[1] Schedule 4 of Shipping and Port Control Regulations (CAP 313A), as illustrated in
https://www.mardep.gov.hk/en/publication/pdf/hps_speed_limit.pdf.
[2] Cruising Time = Distance Travelled ÷ Max. Allowable Cruising Speed in Victoria Harbour
[3] Table 4-16 of MVEIS
3
[4] Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Engine Power x Load Factor x Cruising Time ÷ Area of Route ÷ 3600
[5] Total Emission Rate = Emission Rate of Main Engine + Emission Rate of Auxiliary Engine
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 16
Annex A – Photos of Typical Vessels for Each Vessel Type Identified within the Study Area
Macau and China Ferries
Derrick Lighter Barge
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 17
Tug
Cruise
Revised Austin Road Flyover
Marine Emissions
AECOM 18
Annex B – Site Surveys for Tug Movement Entering and to NYMTTS
27 Nov 2019
Time
Number of Vessels Entering / Leaving NTMTTS
13:00 – 14:00
6
14:00 – 15:00
9
15:00 – 16:00
8
16:00 – 17:00
8
8 Jun 2020
Time
Number of Vessels Entering / Leaving NTMTTS
08:00 – 09:00
8
09:00 – 10:00
7
10:00 – 11:00
4
11:00 – 12:00
5