14
U.S. Department of Justice, Taking Stock: Report from the 2010 Roundtable on the State and Local Law Enforcement
Police Pattern or Practice Program, NCJ 234458 (Sept. 2011) at 4.
15
Samuel J. Walker and Morgan Macdonald, An Alternative Remedy for Police Misconduct, 19 Civ. Rights L.J. 479,
508 (2009).
16
International Association of Police Chiefs and the U.S. Dep’t of Justice Office of Community Oriented
Policing Services, The Impact of Video Evidence on Modern Policing: A National Study on the Use and Impact of In-Car
Cameras (2005), available at https://www.bja.gov/bwc/pdfs/IACPIn-CarCameraReport.pdf.
17
Up to date studies on the implications of body-worn cameras are available through the United States
Bureau of Justice Assistance Body-Worn Camera Toolkit, available at https://www.bja.gov/bwc/topics-
research.html. Studies supporting the conclusion that body-worn cameras improve outcomes include William
Farrar, Operation Candid Camera: Rialto Police Department’s Body-Worn Camera Experiment, The Police Chief 81
(2014); Harold Rankin, End of Program Evaluation and Recommendations: On-Officer Body Camera System, Mesa, AZ
Police Department (2013); Katz, et al., Evaluating the Impact of Officer Worn Body Cameras in the Phoenix Police
Department, ASU Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety (December 2014); Michael D. White,
et al., Police Officer Body-Worn Cameras: Assessing the Evidence, OJP Diagnostic Center (2014).
18
Tresa Baldas, Detroit Police Finally Rid of Federal Oversight, Detroit Free Press (Mar. 31, 2016).
19
Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, Justice Department Announces Missoula Police Department Has
Fully Implemented Agreement to Improve Response to Reports of Sexual Assault, (May 11, 2015) (available at
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-missoula-police-department-has-fully-
implemented-agreement).
20
U.S. Department of Justice, Taking Stock: Report from the 2010 Roundtable on the State and Local Law Enforcement
Police Pattern or Practice Program, NCJ 234458 (Sept. 2011) at 2.
21
Police Assessment Resource Center, The Monitors and the Monitored Conference Summary (October 11, 2002) at
1.
22
Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), Civil Rights Investigations of Local Police: Lessons Learned, Critical
Issues in Policing Series (July 2013).
23
Michael R. Bromwich, et al., The Durability of Police Reform: The Metropolitan Police Department and Use of Force:
2008-2015, Office of the District of Columbia Auditor (Jan. 28, 2016); Joshua M. Chanin, Examining the
Sustainability of Pattern or Practice Police Misconduct Reform, 18 Police Quarterly 163 (2015); Christopher Stone, et
al., Policing Los Angeles Under a Consent Decree: The Dynamics of Change at the LAPD, Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School (May 2009); Robert C. Davis, et al., Can Federal Intervention
Bring Lasting Improvement in Local Policing? The Pittsburgh Consent Decree, Vera Institute of Justice (April 2005). See
also Robert C. Davis, et al., Turning Necessity Into Virtue: Pittsburgh’s Experience With a Federal Consent Decree, Vera
Institute of Justice (September 2002).
24
Christopher Stone, et al., Policing Los Angeles Under a Consent Decree: The Dynamics of Change at the LAPD,
Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School (May 2009) at 2.
25
Joshua M. Chanin, Examining the Sustainability of Pattern or Practice Police Misconduct Reform, 18 Police Quarterly
163, 185 (2015).
26
Robert C. Davis, et al., Can Federal Intervention Bring Lasting Improvement in Local Policing? The Pittsburgh Consent
Decree, Vera Institute of Justice (April 2005)at i.
27
Christopher Stone, et al., Policing Los Angeles Under a Consent Decree: The Dynamics of Change at the LAPD,
Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School (May 2009) at i, 22, 31-32
(finding “no objective sign of so-called ‘de-policing’ since” implementation of the LAPD consent decree and
that “[a]t the end of our analysis of de-policing claims, the meaning of the data seems clear, especially from
2002 onwards: both the quantity and quality of enforcement activity have increased.”); Robert C. Davis, et al.,
Can Federal Intervention Bring Lasting Improvement in Local Policing? The Pittsburgh Consent Decree, Vera Institute of
Justice (April 2005) at i (noting that “performance data provided by the Bureau and our citizen survey do not
support” the belied that reforms made police “less active and aggressive in fighting crime”).
28
Christopher Stone, et al., Policing Los Angeles Under a Consent Decree: The Dynamics of Change at the LAPD,
Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School (May 2009); Robert C. Davis,
et al., Turning Necessity Into Virtue: Pittsburgh’s Experience With a Federal Consent Decree, Vera Institute of Justice